A Broad Perspective on the Role of Immune-Markers in Gallbladder Lesions: Their Clinico-Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance

Benign gallbladder disorders are frequently observed and generally resolve without long-term effects. However, some of these conditions are associated with an increased risk of gallbladder cancer, while others can lead to malignancy. This review aims to inform surgeons of the potential improvements in treatment strategies enabled by earlier recognition of GBC and to assist pathologists in refining histopathological assessments to reduce fatalities associated with delayed diagnoses. The immune markers identified so far are among the most widely explored in gallbladder cancer-related diseases. Diagnosis often occurs at advanced stages when standard treatments fail to deliver results. This limited response in late-stage gallbladder cancer highlights the need for improved prognostic and therapeutic strategies. Although progress has been made, there is still no prognostic marker with full specificity and sensitivity for gallbladder cancer. Various molecular markers have been investigated for this role, with p53 and HER2 showing significant potential. Alterations in these immune markers contribute to gallbladder carcinogenesis. Further comparative studies on their expression in normal, precancerous, and cancerous tissues are essential. Accurate prognostic markers may support tailored treatments and help reduce gallbladder cancer mortality.