Extracts from Ginkgo biloba have been widely utilized in therapeutic applications for managing various conditions, including malignancies, cardiovascular issues, and neurological disorders. Given the potential adverse reactions linked to prolonged use of G. biloba extract, this study examined gene expression patterns in the livers of mice subjected to extended treatment through analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Information regarding the impact of G. biloba on mouse liver was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. Gene expression data from three sample categories—healthy controls, spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and those exposed to G. biloba extract—were contrasted. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were evaluated using directed PPI networks to identify pivotal regulatory genes. In total, 23 key regulatory genes were linked to the administration of G. biloba extract. The evaluation revealed that Rhoc, Myc, Cdc20, Cdk1, Plk1, Bub1, Aurkb, Bub1b, Gsk3b, Incenp, Sgol2a, Rbl1, Aurka, Mapk7, and Ccnd1 were connected to hepatocellular carcinoma. The other significant regulatory genes were implicated in malignancies and additional pathologies. Rhoc and Myc emerged as central genes associated with extended intake of G. biloba extract. These results highlight a strong association between chronic exposure to G. biloba extract and elevated cancer risks, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma.
