Chronic superficial gastritis (CSG) is a widespread digestive disorder with a complex and multifactorial pathogenesis. Jinhong tablet (JHT), a traditional Chinese medicine formulation, has shown efficacy in treating CSG, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects remain poorly understood. In this study, we applied ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) to comprehensively profile the chemical composition of JHT. In total, 96 compounds were detected, of which 31 were validated using reference standards. Integrating these findings with symptom-oriented network pharmacology analyses—including “chi,” “blood,” “pain,” and “inflammation”—and evaluating compound-target interaction probabilities, we identified matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), and Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 (AKR1B1) as central molecular targets for JHT’s action against CSG. Additionally, bioactive components belonging to alkaloids, flavonoids, and organic acids—such as chlorogenic acid (10), caffeic acid (13), (−)-corydalmine (33), (−)-isocorypalmine (36), isochlorogenic acids A, B, and C (38, 41, 47), quercetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside (42), quercetin (63), and kaempferol (70)—were found to exhibit notable inhibitory effects, supported by literature and molecular binding analyses. Overall, this study systematically mapped the chemical constituents of JHT and uncovered its symptom-guided molecular mechanisms in the treatment of CSG.
