Accurate diagnosis of lesions and tumors in the salivary glands demands an in-depth knowledge of their complex cellular structure. These glands comprise various cell types, such as epithelial, ductal, mesenchymal, and myoepithelial cells, which together create a multifaceted architecture that complicates the diagnostic process. In addition, external influences such as infections, viruses, and genetic mutations can contribute to changes in salivary gland function and pathology. Consequently, understanding the latest World Health Organization classification of salivary gland neoplasms is crucial for correct diagnosis and effective treatment strategies. This review examines recent advances in diagnostic techniques to develop an efficient method for diagnosing salivary gland disorders. This study demonstrated that the combination of multiple salivary biomarkers leads to the most favorable outcomes. The screening protocol, which included a combination of salivary biomarkers, proved highly effective in accurately diagnosing early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma. Ultimately, the use of salivary biomarkers holds significant potential for the early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
