Issue 1 Volume 4 (2024)

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a highly infectious respiratory illness that has rapidly spread around the world. The primary mode of transmission is through respiratory droplets expelled when an infected individual coughs or sneezes. This paper explores the potential indirect transmission routes of COVID-19, including water, food, air, and paper. Regarding food, we examine the possible spread through meat, frozen products, food packaging, and marketplaces, with case studies from different reg

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Inhibition of CCR5 (R5) has gained significant attention as a potential strategy for preventing, treating, and even curing diseases. R5, a transmembrane protein, plays a crucial role in HIV infection by interacting with the CD4 receptor and CXCR4 (X4) on T cells, facilitating HIV binding to lymphocytes. Given the success of drugs such as maraviroc, which target R5, researchers have hypothesized that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting R5 could provide an effective treatment for HIV. However,

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SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the COVID-19 pandemic, is a major global public health challenge with severe outcomes worldwide. A robust immune system plays a crucial role in limiting the spread of the virus and supporting recovery. While several nutrients are important for immune function, vitamin D is particularly important in bolstering immunity. This review aimed to investigate the interplay between viral infection, immune response, and vitamin D in determining the prognosis of COVID-19.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that between 9% and 45% of people are affected by musculoskeletal disorders, and around 3% of the population may become disabled due to bone and joint diseases, and almost all of these people experience significant pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly prescribed to alleviate this pain. This article reviews the use of NSAIDs in the management of chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases, as well as their effects on the body. A

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Leptin, derived from the Greek word “leptose” meaning thinness, was discovered in 1994 through the isolation of the obesity gene. This protein hormone, with a helical structure akin to cytokines, is primarily produced and released by subcutaneous fat cells in a pulsatile pattern, peaking near midnight. Leptin plays an important role in regulating energy balance and metabolism, and significantly influences body weight. Despite extensive research on leptin, studies on the effect of physical activi

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