Thyroid surgery is commonly indicated for a variety of clinical reasons, with one of the primary purposes being the diagnostic evaluation of thyroid tumors using fine needle biopsy. This technique continues to represent the gold standard in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. In recent years, especially over the past decade and a half, Russia has experienced a significant increase in the incidence of thyroid carcinoma. This upward trend is largely associated with the advancement and widespread implementation of more accurate diagnostic techniques, which have improved the detection rate of even very small malignant lesions. Furthermore, the presence of tumors originating from Hurthle cells usually necessitates surgical intervention, often in the form of lobectomy at a minimum, given that pathohistological examination remains the most definitive approach for differentiating between benign and malignant lesions. Patients must receive comprehensive counseling on the possible complications associated with thyroid surgery before undergoing any surgical procedure. They should be fully informed about all the potential risks involved. This literature review focuses on both minor complications, such as seroma formation, and more serious adverse outcomes, including recurrent neural injury, hypoparathyroidism, hemorrhage, and seroma. In addition, the review examines current strategies for managing and preventing these postoperative complications.
